This research investigates the cultural and linguistic needs of returning migrants, specifically Mexicans returning from the US.

Policymakers are beginning to address returnees¡¯ economic, legal and social welfare, but have been all but blind to the cultural and linguistic problems they face trying to re-integrate into their home communities.

With the advent of Obama, likely changes in immigration policies, and economic recession, now is the time to address the needs of returnees, whose numbers are likely to rocket.

Thinking outside the outmoded paradigm of nation-states, this project explores the world of returnees in a transnational context. It will investigate, in particular, how language shapes the identities of returnees, what cultural practices returning migrants bring with them, and how these complement and collide with those they find back home. Through fieldwork in Mexico and the US, we will interview and observe migrants of different ages, gender and social backgrounds who have returned or are planning to return. We will work with academics and policy makers in Mexico, US and Europe, involving the stakeholders affected by return migration at all levels.

ÍøÂç²ÊƱAPPÏÂÔØ_°Ä¿Í²ÊƱÍø-¹Ù·½ÓÎÏ·, findings will be of use to policymakers in Mexico and the US to address critical national and local issues pertaining to returnees regarding education, culture and language. ÍøÂç²ÊƱAPPÏÂÔØ_°Ä¿Í²ÊƱÍø-¹Ù·½ÓÎÏ·, outputs will be workshops, a major conference, a book and policy briefing reports.

Adapting or using similar frameworks to those developed in previous and on-going research carried out by members of the research team from University of ÍøÂç²ÊƱAPPÏÂÔØ_°Ä¿Í²ÊƱÍø-¹Ù·½ÓÎÏ·,, and using a combination of ethnography and migrant language biographies, we will explore the experience of return as process (not just as event), addressing questions such as:

• What does ¡®return¡¯ mean for the migrants? Is it permanent, temporary, cyclical, seasonal (which would point to a transnational migration pattern)?; Cases of ¡®failed¡¯ return?
• What is the impact of return on day-to-day life, and for different generations?; Here, we could consider material culture if we carry out interviews in returnees¡¯ homes, looking at objects, decoration, cooking, etc.
• What is the role of networks in return?
• What new social and cultural practices do returnees bring with them from the US or develop when they¡¯re back in M¨¦xico? Do they form ¡®returnee associations¡¯? With what aims?
• What facilitates / hinders re-settlement / adaptation back in M¨¦xico? (multil-level analysis: macro, meso and micro)
• What are the linguistic practices of the returnees? How do they value their linguistic knowledge and experiences? How do others value this knowledge?
• How are the experiences, and cultural and linguistic practices of the returnees valued, supported or rejected through the education system or in the workplace?

We aim to centre our fieldwork in and around the city of San Lu¨ªs Potos¨ª using settings and research sources where we can trace both sociolinguistic and sociocultural practices, such as, shops, schools, clubs, churches, cultural associations, Casas de la Cultura, local radio stations, local press, tourist venues.. In these places we will carry out participant observation and establish potential contacts for individual interviews.

We will also make links with academics and researchers working in Mexico, and in particular in universities in San Luis Potos¨ª (UASLP and UPSLP) and Higher Education Institutions in Mexico City.